The following article examines Foucault’s definition of biopolitics, especially the problem of its origin. Foucault’s thesis is that modern biopolitics has its most remote origin in the ancient Christian pastoral work; however, there are good reasons to believe that the origin may be found in Plato, given the biopolitical direction of his thought.

En este artículo el autor se propone examinar el estatuto ontológico y moral de los animales en el Magisterio de la Iglesia Católica. Antes de esto, sin embargo, se inscribe el magisterio eclesial en el contexto del debate, ya abierto, sobre 'la cuestión animal', poniendo especial atención en los aportes de la ciencia y, sobre todo, de las distintas corrientes filosóficas que alimentan este debate. In this article the author proposes to examine the ontological and moral status of animals in (...) the Magisterium of the Catholic Church. Before this, however, the Church's Magisterium falls within the context of the debate, and open on 'animal matter', paying particular attention to the contributions of science and, above all, of the various philosophical currents that feed this debate. (shrink)

Este trabajo presenta los resultados de un proyecto de innovación docente centrado en la inclusión de juegos sencillos, combinados con Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación y dinámicas de grupo, como herramienta de apoyo en el aprendizaje de siete asignaturas de Matemáticas impartidas en los primeros cursos de Grado de distintas Ingenierías. El equipo docente participante ha comprobado que la metodología propuesta incrementa la motivación y la participación activa de los alumnos, quienes han resaltado la utilidad de los juegos (...) implementados en su proceso de aprendizaje. (shrink)

Resenha de SÀLÁMÌ, Síkírù ; RIBEIRO, Ronilda Iakemi. Exu e a ordem do universo. 2. Ed. São Paulo: Oduduwa, 2015. 483 p.

Tendo por tema principal Apontamentos sobre Erotismo e Sagrado na Religião Tradicional Iorubá, este texto foi organizado em cinco sessões: Erotismo; A Religião Tradicional Iorubá; Encantamento e fascínio do transe; Rituais de casamento entre divindades e humanos e A busca existencial e espiritual de frequentadores das Casas de Axé. Na construção do texto foram utilizadas contribuições teóricas de Awolalu, Bataille, Braudrillard, Fernandes, Rodrigo Frias, Ribeiro, Sàlámì e Valença, bem como fragmentos da Sabedoria Veda. Foram enfatizadas a dinâmica estabelecida entre (...) divindades e humanos em rituais religiosos africanos, com especial destaque à imaginação e à fantasia no processo epistêmico propiciado por esses rituais. Reconhecido o relevante papel reservado à sedução no erotismo, foi assinalado o risco de ser o erotismo despojado de seu caráter místico e sagrado e reduzido à condição de lubricidade, devassidão e lascívia. Coloca-se, finalmente, a questão da busca existencial e espiritual de frequentadores das Casas de Axé. (shrink)

Despite the centrality of the topic for the debate on sustainability, future generations have largely been ignored by business ethics. This neglect is in part due to the enormous philosophical challenges posed by the concepts of future generations and intergenerational duties. This article reviews some of these difficulties and defends that much clarity would be gained from making a distinction between future generations and the next generations. It also argues that the concept of next generations offers a better starting point (...) for business ethics to incorporate the topic in its research agenda. We then suggest four potential pathways to explore this territory. The four approaches build on the notion of organizations as communities with memory and vision, on the narrative shape of organizational life, on the affinity of stakeholders with the next generation, and on systems of indirect reciprocity. These first two approaches are connected to communitarian approaches to business ethics, and the last two engage in a dialog with contractarian views and stakeholder theory. The article ends with some implications for theory and practice. (shrink)

This paper explores the antecedents of intra-organizational social capital from a comprehensive perspective that integrates leadership as the main antecedent. To be precise, we propose that intra-organizational social capital is a direct consequence of an organizational ethical and community context to which leadership in the servant dimension plays a transcendental role. Indeed, since the seminal work of Greenleaf the servant leadership concept has been widespread among business academics and professionals for the value it brings to the organization not only in (...) ethical but also in excellence terms. Among the recent styles and theories on leadership up to date, servant leadership fits perfectly an organizational ethical context both at the organizational or group level, acting in addition as a main promoter of that context. Furthermore, servant leadership is linked to the cultivation of helpful, altruistic and servant attitudes among the employees which are useful elements in the generation of social capital inside the organization. A model then for understanding the causes of intra-organizational social capital with a focus on servant leadership is here elaborated from which conclusions and implications for Management will be delineated. (shrink)

This is a review and discussion of Ask Vest Christiansen’s book Gym Culture, Identity and Performance-Enhancing Drugs: Tracing a Typology of Steroid Use. As indicated by the title, the book...

Situados en un progresivo traspaso de responsabilidades en la ejecución de los servicios sociales desde el Estado hacia actores no gubernamentales, aparece una demanda hacia el mismo Estado, el cual en lugar de simplemente declinar su labor, debiera de hecho expandir su regulación de modo de asegurar que la oferta social sea eficiente en satisfacer al ciudadano usuario en aquellos servicios prometidos por las políticas y programas sociales. Así mismo, la institucionalidad pública debiera reconocer las demandas del mundo privado para (...) actuar articuladamente hacia fines comunes, que finalmente conduzcan a un horizonte de desarrollo de una sociedad más igualitaria. Este estudio da cuenta de las tensiones, reveladas por autoridades de servicios públicos que atienden personas vulnerables, en su relación de colaboración con OSFL (Organizaciones Sin Fines de Lucro), para alcanzar tal horizonte. (shrink)

O artigo analisa a contribuição original da obra “A Condição Humana” para a redefinição do significado político da liberdade em suas determinações democráticas fundamentais e para a crítica da desmundanização como a base comum sobre a qual se fundam as nossas mais recentes experiências políticas: a destruição inédita do mundo comum no totalitarismo e a hegemônica despolitização liberal das atuais democracias formais de massa e mercado que atrofiam a esfera política da ação e do discurso.

Neste trabalho, pretendemos avaliar criticamente algumas das teses de John McDowellsobre a natureza da virtude, tal como expostas em seu artigo “Virtue and Reason” e, ao fazê-lo,expor algumas de suas limitações. Mais especificamente, tratarei o que vejo como problemas emsua apresentação da virtude como uma forma de conhecimento, e sua proposta – corporificada natese da unidade das virtudes – de que as virtudes comumente reconhecidas deveriam ser vistascomo manifestações parciais da virtude enquanto tal. Também enfocarei a assertiva de McDowellde que (...) o conhecimento que constitui a virtude não pode ser visto como tendo um conteúdoproposicional que se preste a uma codificação em princípios de conduta – a tese de nãocodificabilidade– e a relação da postura pessoal de McDowell com a empreitada mais ampla daética de virtudes. (shrink)

In this paper, we explore the issue of the elimination of sports, or elements of sports, that present a high risk of brain injury. In particular, we critically examine two elements of Angelo Corlett’s and Pam Sailors’ arguments for the prohibition of football and Nicholas Dixon’s claim for the reformation of boxing to eliminate blows to the head based on the empirical assumption of an essential or causal connection between brain injuries incurred in football and the development of a degenerative (...) brain disease known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy ; and John Stuart Mill’s rejection of consensual domination. We present four arguments to contest the validity of Corlett, Dixon’s and Sailor’s positions. Specifically, we argue that certain autonomy-based arguments undermine paternalist arguments for reform; the nature of the goods people pursue in their lives might justify their foregoing future autonomy; Mill’s argument against consensual domination draws on ambiguous and arbitrary distinctions; the lack of consensus and empirical evidence regarding CTE arising from brain injuries in sport underdetermines calls for reform. We conclude that these proposals for reforming or eliminating sports with high risks of brain injuries are not well founded. (shrink)

Entrevista con la filósofa argentina Silvia Schwarzböck.

In this article, I revise the normative account of sport that I proposed in ‘William J. Morgan’s “conventionalist internalism” approach. Furthering internalism? A critical hermeneutical response.’ I first present Habermas’ discursive ethics, placing emphasis on his interpretation of the relationship between moral (Kantian) and ethical (Hegelian/hermeneutical) principles. Then, I provide a reformulation of my account by both drawing on Habermas and going beyond him—as I go beyond Habermas, I will refer to the account as ‘discourse-ethics based.’ To further explore the (...) normative potential of the account, I connect its main tenets to the three main normative theories of sport (formalism, broad internalism, and deep conventionalism) and illustrate it with examples from anti-doping governance. (shrink)

Lo que aquí presentamos es una pequeña introducción a un libro sobre el Fórum. Nos hacemos eco, siquiera someramente, de las polémicas que giraron en torno al evento, prácticamente desde su origen, trascendiéndolas en cambio para dar pie a una reflexión ¿que es justo lo que pretendíamos en ese libro- sobre nuestra sociedad en su conjunto. Conviene advertir que las contradicciones y paradojas del acontecimiento nos parecieron deudoras de las que sufre al mismo tiempo el mundo actual. En esa pequeña (...) introducción, y al hilo de tales consideraciones, concluimos con unas palabras dirigidas al filósofo, o al intelectual en general, que vienen a servir menos como un intento de crítica o de advertencia que como una declaración de intenciones de los miembros que componen el Seminario de Filosofía Política, en cuyo seno se gestó la obra. (shrink)

Moral responsibility is centered on the idea that, given some conditions, people deserve blame or credit, punishment or reward. At least according to traditional readings, moral responsibility presupposes free will, understood as the ability to choose independently of previous events. The achievements of neuroscience in recent decades make a very good case for the hypothesis that the mind is a material entity, a subset of the electrochemical activity of the brain. However, if the mind is a material entity, then it (...) is subject to physical laws. According to some interpretations, this entails the affirmation of determinism and the denial of free will and moral responsibility. This article reviews some of those achievements and their likely impact on the attributions of moral responsibility. The first section presents evidence from lesion studies, imaging techniques and direct electrical stimulation of the brain and argues that the convergence of results from these methods supports the hypothesis that the mind is the activity of the brain. The next section concentrates on studies that are usually taken as directly threatening free will – Libet’s experiments and the apparent mental causation theory. The third section turns to the implications of these findings for moral responsibility, explaining determinism, epiphenomenalism, libertarianism, hard determinism and compatibilism. Finally, the last section defends that the requirement of free will as a precondition for moral responsibility should be replaced by the requirement of more naturalistic properties, such as behavioral flexibility, self-control and natural autonomy.Key words: moral responsibility, ethics, neuroscience, neuroethics, autonomy. (shrink)

Krause & Merlussi criticized the book The Ethics of the Use and Selection of Human Embryos mainly for the low level of formalization of its arguments and for other logical features. This text answers these comments by accepting some of its terminological rectifications, but also pointing that some of those criticisms are considered unnecessary requirements by the practical ethics literature.

En el marco de la elaboración de la Estrategia de Desarrollo Sostenible de la Región de Murcia (EDS), España el autor se plantea como punto de partida una análisis-evaluación del estado de la sostenibilidad regional, lo que supuso la construcción de un modelo de análisis y un método para ese diagnóstico de partida. Este reto supuso recorrer la corta historia de la epistemología de la sostenibilidad, postulando que ella debe ser epistemología heurística, enactiva, participativa y contingente . El artículo desarrolla (...) una holoarquía de la sostenibilidad -un sistema de sistemas jerárquicamente relacionados- como marco para la acción estratégica. (shrink)

Das Aufkommen der "klassischen Mechanik" wird als paradigmatisch für die Entstehung des neuzeitlichen wissenschaftlichen Denkens angesehen. Geht man nun dem Beginn dieser Entwicklung nach, so stößt man sehr bald auf den Begriff der Selbsterhaltung. Das Postulat der Selbsterhaltung erweist sich als zentrale Kategorie bei der Herausbildung einer "externen" Naturvorstellung, nach der ein sich bewegender Körper keiner zusätzlichen Kraft bedarf, um die betreffende Bewegung aufrechtzuerhalten . Sie erhält sich von selbst. Das Prinzip der Selbsterhaltung taucht in dieser Epoche auch in verschiedenen (...) anderen Disziplinen auf, beispielsweise der Staatsphilosphie und der Ethik . Ein paralleles Phänomen während dieser Zeit ist eine beginnende Emanzipation des Individuums. Der allmähliche Ausbau einer Autonomie im Denken und Fühlen findet seinen Ausdruck in einem neuen Vernunftsbegriff, der nicht mehr in Abhängigkeit von theologischen Postulaten steht. Die Autonomie des Individuums wird weitgehend als Selbsterhaltung der Vernunft verstanden. Es liegt nahe einen Zusammenhang zu vermuten zwischen der neuzeitlichen Naturerfassung auf der Grundlage des Selbsterhaltungsbegriffes und der "Entdeckung" einer individuellen, sich selbst konstituierenden Vernunft. (shrink)

Objective: Electrical stimulation potentially delineates epileptogenic cortex through induction of typical seizures. Although frequently employed, its value for epilepsy surgery remains controversial. Similarly, ES is used to identify symptomatogenic zones, but with greater success and a long-standing evidence base. Recent work points to new seizure symptoms such as ictal central apnea that may enhance presurgical hypotheses. The aims of this review are 2-fold: to determine the value of ES-induced seizures in epilepsy surgery and to analyze current evidence on ICA as (...) a new surrogate of symptomatogenic cortex.Methods: Three databases were searched for ESIS. Investigators independently selected studies according to pre-specified criteria. Studies reporting postoperative outcome in patients with ESIS were included in a meta-analysis. For ES-induced apnea, a thorough search was performed and reference list searching was employed.Results: Of 6,314 articles identified for ESIS, 25 were considered eligible to be reviewed in full text. Fourteen studies were included in the qualitative synthesis ; six studies were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed that favorable outcome is associated with ESIS prior to surgery. In addition, the overall estimation of the occurrence of favorable outcome among cases with ESIS is 68.13%. On the other hand, recent studies have shown that stimulation of exclusively mesial temporal lobe structures elicits central apnea and represents symptomatogenic anatomic substrates of ICA. This is in variance with traditional teaching that mesial temporal ES is non-symptomatogenic.Conclusions: ES is a tool highly likely to aid in the delineation of the epileptogenic zone, since ESIS is associated with favorable postoperative outcomes. There is an urgent need for prospective evaluation of this technique, including effective stimulation parameters and surgical outcomes, that will provide knowledge base for practice. In addition, ES-induced apnea studies suggest that ICA, especially when it is the first or only clinical sign, is an important semiological feature in localizing the symptomatogenic zone to mesial temporal lobe structures, which must be considered in SEEG explorations where this is planned, and in surgical resection strategies. (shrink)

In this paper, I engage the debate on Suits’ theory of games by providing a Kantian view of Utopia. I argue that although the Kantian aspects of Suits’ approach are often overlooked in comparison to its Socratic-Platonic aspects, Kant’s ideas play a fundamental role in Suits’ proposal. In particular, Kant’s concept of ‘regulative idea’ is the basis of Suits’ Utopia. I regard Utopia as Suits’ regulative idea on game playing. In doing so, I take Utopia to play a double role (...) in Suits’ theory of games. First, it highlights the primary condition of possibility of game-playing, namely, the lusory attitude. Second, it provides a normative criterion that serves as a critical principle to evaluate instances of game playing and as a counterfactual assumption that makes game playing possible. I provide further support for my Kantian interpretation of Suits’ Utopia by bringing to light the anthropological assumptions upon which Utopia is built. In doing so, I argue that both Suits’ theory of games, in general, and his Utopia, in particular, lay out the conditions of possibility of game playing, not an analysis on the life most worth living. (shrink)

This article attempts to read the very concept of reading as articulated and problematized by Derrida’s newly discovered Geschlecht III. I argue that Derrida enacts a reading of Heidegger in Geschlecht III in ways that help us understand the strong sense Derrida gives this word. In the article’s first part, I dwell on Derrida’s—and Heidegger’s—methodological precautions that problematize the traditional concept of reading so as to open the way for a reading of Heidegger that does not bank on the metaphysical (...) presuppositions the very same Heidegger warns us against time and again. In the second part, I turn to Derrida’s topotypological examples that show us what traditional methodology problematically presupposes when “reading” Heidegger. The article ends by turning to the Derridean notion of “overprinting”—and the uncanny effects of doubling it implies—as a way to think about what it means to read and countersign Heidegger’s text. (shrink)

In this article, we examine scholarly analyses of justice and develop a framework that can help assess the claims from the parties in the Russian state-led doping scandal, including, but not limited to, Russian athletes, non-Russian athletes, the World Anti-Doping Agency, and sport governing bodies. The two key components of this justice framework are pluralism and relationality/contextuality. We argue that a justice framework built upon these elements better captures the nature of justice. We conclude that no party in the Russian (...) state-led doping case has exclusive access to justice. Rather, all the parties have legitimate calls for justice against one another. Thus, the administration of justice will fail to serve justice, in its different meanings, for all parties. (shrink)

ABSTRACTIn this article, I will identify two key normative principles at the core of Robert L. Simon’s mutualist theory of sport, namely, the respect-for-the-opponent principle and the idea that sport is a practice aimed at pursuing excellence. The former is a Kantian principle grounded in human beings’ rationality, and the latter is an Aristotelian principle related to the development of excellences as a means to human flourishing. After having presented and analyzed both principles, I will critically evaluate Simon’s attempt to (...) combine them within his mutualist approach. To conclude, I will highlight the challenges that mutualism should face to complete such a combination more successfully.Abbreviation: Categorical imperative. (shrink)

In this paper, linguistic-analytic philosophy has been identified as the dominant methodology in the philosophy of sport. The hermeneutics of sport is contrasted with linguistic-analytic philosophy by analyzing Heidegger’s view of Truth. In doing so, two views of philosophy are compared: ontology or description. Sport hermeneutics’ task has to do with description. Hermeneutical explanations of sport attempt to describe the facticity of sport. Such a facticity is formed by three moments: embodiment, capabilities, and tradition. They are not components of sport (...) that can be identified as essential components but rather, they are identifiable only for analytic purposes. These three above-mentioned elements cannot be identified as elements, because they are intrinsically intertwined forming a unitary network of meaning. The task of sport hermeneutics is to describe the different relationships that compose such a network of meaning. In doing so, sport is a humane activity linked to the constitutive human task of making sense of reality by projecting meaning into it. (shrink)

Nuestra investigación indaga sobre las posibilidades de establecer una lectura ontológico-relacional de la obra de Giordano Bruno, a partir de “La lámpara de las treinta estatuas” (Lampas triginta statuarum). La particularidad de esta obra, escrita en Wittenberg en 1587, reside en la exposición de la producción ontológica de las modalidades que surgen a partir de la relación entre lo infinito y lo finito por medio de estatuas o representaciones figurativas. Nuestra hipótesis consiste en exponer la matriz ontológico-relacional del pensamiento bruniano (...) y la riqueza expresiva de las modalidades que se reflejan a partir del concepto de relación y su representación figurativa bajo la figura del Demogorgon. En efecto, consideramos que se trata de una clave de interpretación factible para comprender la complejidad de los vínculos entre trascendencia e inmanencia en el pensamiento filosófico de Bruno. Para ello, analizaremos en primer lugar los conceptos que componen la tríada Alma del Mundo, Espíritu e Intelecto Primero, tal como se exponen en Lampas triginta statuarum. Luego exponemos el entramado relacional de estos conceptos con el objetivo de enfatizar los aspectos fundamentales de la inmanencia en la obra de Bruno. Por último, abordamos la noción de relacióncomo categoría que permite unificar los distintos aspectos de la inmanencia en la cosmología bruniana a partir de la figura mitológica del Demogorgon. (shrink)

Proper fork algebras are algebras of binary relations over a structured set. The underlying set has changed from a set of pairs to a set closed under an injective function. In this paper we present a representation theorem for their abstract counterpart, that entails that proper fork algebras — whose underlying set is closed under an injective function — constitute a finitely based variety.1.

Moral responsibility is centered on the idea that, given some conditions, people deserve blame or credit, punishment or reward. At least according to traditional readings, moral responsibility presupposes free will, understood as the ability to choose independently of previous events. The achievements of neuroscience in recent decades make a very good case for the hypothesis that the mind is a material entity, a subset of the electrochemical activity of the brain. However, if the mind is a material entity, then it (...) is subject to physical laws. According to some interpretations, this entails the affirmation of determinism and the denial of free will and moral responsibility. This article reviews some of those achievements and their likely impact on the attributions of moral responsibility. The first section presents evidence from lesion studies, imaging techniques and direct electrical stimulation of the brain and argues that the convergence of results from these methods supports the hypothesis that the mind is the activity of the brain. The next section concentrates on studies that are usually taken as directly threatening free will–Libet’s experiments and the apparent mental causation theory. The third section turns to the implications of these findings for moral responsibility, explaining determinism, epiphenomenalism, libertarianism, hard determinism and compatibilism. Finally, the last section defends that the requirement of free will as a precondition for moral responsibility should be replaced by the requirement of more naturalistic properties, such as behavioral flexibility, self-control and natural autonomy. (shrink)

Este artigo tem o objetivo de propor em linhas gerais uma alternativa ao discurso antropológico-humanista do pensamento filosófico, que predominava em fins do século XIX, e que ainda hoje estende seus efeitos ao pensamento da filosofia sobre a educação e sobre o tema do sujeito e da constituição da subjetividade no processo educativo.

This paper elaborates on the link between different types and degrees of experience that can be gone through within a form of life or collectivity—the so-called levels of immersion—and the development of distinct types of tacit knowledge and expertise. The framework is then probed empirically and theoretically. In the first case, its ‘predictions’ are compared with the accounts of novices who have gone through different ‘learning opportunities’ during a pre-operational training programme for running a huge nickel industrial plant in Brazil. (...) These are also analysed vis-à-vis the experience of an expert who has designed and experienced the outcomes of two pre-operational training sessions in the nickel industry before developing and managing the one discussed here. Theoretically, the framework is used to pinpoint exactly what interactional experts who have developed their expertise through linguistic socialisation alone are able to do as well as to analyse the case of technical connoisseurs. The results indicate that the proposed framework is useful. It supports the design and improvement of training programmes for the development of tacit knowledge while at the same time bringing about a refined analysis of claims concerning the abilities of types of experts and expertise. (shrink)

This paper addresses the possibility of robots engaging in sports. Recently, several movies like Ex-Machina, Chappi, and Transcendence challenge the spectator to think of the consequences of creating artificial intelligences. Although we refer to athletes who have outstanding sporting performances as machines, for example, in cycling people say ‘the cyclist looked like a machine with wheels,’ the potential participation of such AI in sport has not been addressed. For our argument’s sake, we will assume that the creation of human-like robots (...) who will mirror human athletes’ behavior in the playing field will be possible. Recent advances in cybernetics and robotics point in this way. As argued in the literature on philosophy of mind, the fact that intelligent robots seem to be doing something does not imply they are actually doing it. Understood in this way, sport can be conceived as a particular ‘imitation game’ or Turing test, which permits us to distinguish between an artificial intelligence... (shrink)

The first lines of defense during an epidemic are behavioral interventions, including stay-at-home measures or precautionary health training, aimed at reducing contact and disease transmission. Examining the psychosocial variables that may lead to greater adoption of such precautionary behaviors is critical. The present study examines predictors of precautionary practices against coronavirus disease 2019 in 709 Mexican participants from 24 states. The study was conducted via online questionnaire between the end of March and the beginning of April 2020, when the pandemic (...) response was in its initial stages in Mexico. The instrument included demographic items, as well as scales assessing COVID-19-resembling symptoms, empathy, impulsivity, anhedonic depression, general health practices, alcohol consumption, and COVID-19-associated precautionary behaviors. Most participants reported adopting limited social distancing or other precautionary behaviors against COVID-19. The results of a structural equation model demonstrated that the presence of COVID-19 symptoms was related to impulsivity and general health behaviors. However, no direct association between precautionary behaviors and the presence of COVID-19 symptoms was found. In turn, precautionary behaviors were more prevalent among participants who reported higher empathy and general health behaviors and were inhibited indirectly by impulsivity via alcohol consumption. Furthermore, the model suggests that anhedonic depression symptoms have a negative indirect effect on precautionary behaviors via general health behaviors. Finally, impulsivity showed a negative direct effect on general health behavior. These results highlight the role that general physical health and mental health play on precautionary behavior and the critical importance of addressing issues such as depression, general health behaviors, and impulsivity in promoting safe actions and the protection of self and others. (shrink)

In this article, I draw on psychoanalysis to provide a novel understanding of Suits’ theory of games by analyzing the riddle in the Grasshopper’s recurring dream, which Suits presents in his semina...

Bernard Suits’ account of play as an autotelic activity has been greatly influential in the philosophy of sport. Suits borrows the notion of ‘autotelicity’ from Aristotle’s ethics, formulating diff...